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Corresponding Web Notes: Transportation ( pptx
/ pdf / key)
NOTE:
CITED U.S. GOVERNMENT SOURCES MAY NOW HAVE DISAPPEARED DUE TO THE FOLLOWING
(but my cached copies remain online)
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"On December 1, 2025, the US Department of Energy changed the laboratory's name from "National Renewable Energy Laboratory" to "National Laboratory of the Rockies", stating that the new name "reflects laboratory’s expanding mission under the Trump Administration"
National Laboratory of the Rockies, Wikipedia
(link
/ cached
copy)
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"Disappearing Data: Trump Administration Removing Climate Information from Government Websites"
National Security Archive, George Washington University, February 2025
(link
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copy)
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Energy Consumption &
Environmental Impacts of Transportation:
Global Energy
Consumption:
Energy, Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser,
OurWorldInData.org, July 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
International Energy Outlook 2019 - With
Extrapolations to 2050, U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA), (link
/ cached
copy)
My spreadsheet creating combined OECD +
non-OECD figure from report's data (link)
World Energy Balances - Overview - 2020,
International Energy Agency (IEA) (link
/ cached
copy)
Key World Energy Statistics - 2019,
International Energy Agency (IEA) (link
/ cached
copy)
International Energy Outlook 2016, U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), (link
/ cached
copy)
Global Transportation Energy Consumption -
Examination of Scenarios to 2040 using ITEDD - U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), 2017 (link
/ cached
copy)
Global Transportation Demand Development with
Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a
Climate-Constrained World, Khalili et al., Energies 12, p.
3870 (2019) (link
/ cached
copy)
Energy Efficiency in Transport, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
U.S. Energy
Consumption:
U.S. Energy Flow - 2018, U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA) (link
/ cached
copy)
Use of Energy for Transportation - In Depth,
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) (link
/ cached
copy)
Transportation Statistics Annual Report - 2018,
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) (link
/ cached
copy)
Global Greenhouse Gas
Emissions:
Transport, Chapter 8, Climate Change 2014:
Mitigation of Climate Change - Contribution of Working Group
III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (link
/ cached
copy)
A Global Snapshot of the Air Pollution Related
Health Impacts of Transportation Sectors in 2010 and 2015 -
International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), 2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
Environmental Impact of Transport, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions:
Inventory of U.S. Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 -
2022, Environmental Protection Agency, 2024, Section 2.2: Emissions from all sources / Section 4.1 Emissions due to cement production (link / cached copy)
Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas
Emissions, Archive version, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 2017 (link
/ cached
copy)
Unique Impacts /
Concerns Regarding Transport Via:
Cars:
2019 Automotive Trends Report - Greenhouse Gas
Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Technology since 1975, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (link
/ cached
copy)
The Damage Done, Gas Addiction Edition -- How
Detrimental Is Petrol? Thomas.net 2012 (link
/ cached
copy)
Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5
MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards, ObamaWhitehouse.archives.gov
(link
/ cached
copy)
Trains:
The Future of Rail - Opportunities for Energy
and the Environment - International Energy Agency (IEA),
2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
Planes:
Aviation Emissions Impacts and Mitigation - A
Primer, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 2015 - (note
that while plots of aircraft emissions in this report
include data on pollutants and secondary GHG's, data on
the major GHG's of CO2 and methane are not provided)
(link
/ cached
copy)
CO2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation,
International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT),
2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
'Worse Than Anyone Expected’: Air Travel
Emissions Vastly Outpace Predictions, New York Times,
September 2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
Environmental Impact of Aviation, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Ships:
Comprehensive Studies:
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships
- Cost Effectiveness of Available Options, International
Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), 2011 (link
/ cached
copy)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global
Shipping 2013-2015, International Council on Clean
Transportation (ICCT), 2017 (link
/ cached
copy)
Black Carbon and Co-Pollutants from
Incomplete Combustion, Climate & Clean Air Coalition (link
/ cached
copy)
Decarbonising Maritime Transport by 2035,
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
(OECD) (link
/ cached
copy)
Press Reports:
U.S. Study Warns of Pollution from Merchant
Ships off Florida Coast, Guardian 2009 (link
/ cached
copy)
Slowing Cargo Ships More Than Halves
Pollution near Ports, Scientific American 2012 (link
/ cached copy)
Carbon Dioxide from Ships at Sea to be
Regulated for First Time, The Guardian 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
Health Risks of Shipping Pollution have been
Underestimated, Guardian 2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
How Power is Expended in
Different Modes of Transport:
Sustainable Energy
without the Hot Air, David J.C. MacKay, UIT, ISBN
978-0-9544529-3-3
Author's website offering free
multi-language chapter viewing & downloads (link)
Technical chapter: Cars II (link)
Technical chapter: Planes II (link)
Trains:
The Future of Rail - Opportunities for Energy
and the Environment - International Energy Agency (IEA), 2019
(link
/ cached
copy)
Ships:
Study on Energy Efficiency Technologies for
Ships (ECOFYS) - European Union, 2014 (link
/ cached
copy)
Ship Energy Efficiency Measures - Status and
Guidance, ABS Energy Efficiency Advisory (link
/ cached
copy)
Basic Principles of Ship Propulsion,
ManDieselTurbo.com (link
/ cached
copy)
Reducing Fuel Consumption In Shipping Via
Propulsion Efficiency, Howden.com (link
/ cached
copy)
How to Design a More Efficient Ship (Part I),
gCaptain.com, 2012 (link
/ cached
copy)
How to Propel a More Efficient Ship (Part II),
gCaptain.com, 2012 (link
/ cached
copy
Possible Energy Saving
Technologies for:
Cars & Trucks:
See separate web note set: Green(er)
Cars & Trucks (pptx
/ pdf
/ key)
Trains:
Shinkansen, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Hyperloop, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
The Future of Rail - Opportunities for Energy
and the Environment - International Energy Agency (IEA), 2019
(link
/ cached
copy)
Technologies and Potential Developments for
Energy Efficiency and CO2 Reductions in Rail Systems -
International Railways Union (UIC), 2016 (link
/ cached
copy)
Planes:
Mitigation of Aviation's Environmental Impact,
Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Route Optimization:
Air Traffic Control, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Use of Lightweight Composites:
Composites in the Aircraft Industry,
Appropedia.org (link
/ cached
copy)
Advanced Lightweight Aircraft Design
Configurations for Green Operations, Marino et al.,
Practical Responses to Climate Change Conference, Australia,
November 2014 (link
/ cached
copy)
Light-Weighting in Aerospace Component and
System Design, Zhu et al., J. Propulsion and Power Research
7(2), pp. 103-119 (2018) (link
/ cached
copy)
More Efficient Jet Engines:
Jet Engine, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Turboprop, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
How a Turboprop Engine Works, BoldMethod.com (link
/ cached
copy)
Turbofan, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Pratt & Whitney PW1000G (geared turbofan),
Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
The Billion-Dollar Bet On Jet Tech That's
Making Flying More Efficient, Forbes 2013 (link
/ cached
copy)
Geared Turbofan Engine, Airplane Geeks Podcast
(link
/ cached
copy)
What is a High-Bypass Geared Turbofan, and Why
is it so Much More Efficient? AviationStackExchange.com (link
/ cached
copy)
Geared Turbofan, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Rolls Royce Trent (geared turbofan), Wikipedia
(link
/ cached
copy)
The Future of Flight, Rolls Royce (link
/ cached
copy)
Advance and Ultrafan, Rolls Royce (link
/ cached
copy)
All Electric Planes?
Electric Aircraft, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Boeing 777, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Electric Aircraft - The Future of Aviation or
Wishful Thinking? Phys Org, Aug 2015 (link
/ cached
copy)
The Age of Electric Aviation Is Just 30 Years
Away, Wired, May 2017 (link
/ cached
copy)
Electric Flight is Coming, but the Batteries
Aren't Ready,The Verge, Aug 2017 (link
/ cached
copy)
Preparing for Electric Flight, Royal
Aeronautical Society, Aug 2017 (link
/ cached
copy)
The Long Road to an Electric Airplane Motor,
ZDNet, Sept 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
Short Hops, Clear Air and the Sweet Spot for
Electric Aircraft, NewAtlas 2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
World’s Largest All-Electric Aircraft
Set for First Flight, The Guardian, May 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
Biofueled Aviation:
Hereʼs What it Will Take to Get Aviation
Biofuels off the Ground, GreenBiz.com, 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
Ships:
Study on Energy Efficiency Technologies for
Ships (ECOFYS) - European Union, 2014 (link
/ cached
copy)
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships -
Cost Effectiveness of Available Options, International Council
on Clean Transportation (ICCT), 2011 (link
/ cached
copy)
Bulbous Bow, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Ship Energy Efficiency Measures - Status and
Guidance, ABS Energy Efficiency Advisory (link
/ cached
copy)
Basic Principles of Ship Propulsion,
ManDieselTurbo.com (link
/ cached
copy)
Reducing Fuel Consumption In Shipping Via
Propulsion Efficiency, Howden.com (link
/ cached
copy)
How to Design a More Efficient Ship (Part I),
gCaptain.com, 2012 (link
/ cached
copy)
How to Propel a More Efficient Ship (Part II),
gCaptain.com, 2012 (link
/ cached
copy
GREEN Cell Shipping, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Green Ship of the Future, OECD (link
/ cached
copy)
The Role of Technology in Green Ship Design,
Cheng & Hirdaris, Keynote Address, 11th Int. Marine Design
Conf. 2012 (link
/ cached
copy)
Study of Green Shipping Technologies -
Harnessing Wind, Waves and Solar Power in New Generation
Marine Propulsion Systems, Rutkowski, Int. J. on Marine
Navigation & Safety of Transportation 10 (4), pp. 627-32,
2016 (link
/ cached
copy)
Future Sailors: What will Ships Look Like in 30
Years? The Guardian 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
14 Technologies to Make the Ultimate Green Ship,
MarineInsight.com 2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
$5bn Fund Unveiled for Climate-Friendly
Shipping, BBC 2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
Eco Marine Power Research Institute R&D (link
/ cached
copy)
All Electric Ships?
Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World,
NewAtlas.com 2004 (link
/ cached
copy)
New High-Economy Engines for Panamax Container
Ships and Large Tankers, DieselDuck.info 2007 (link
/ cached
copy)
Panamax, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
How long does it take to ship from China?
ChinaImportal.com 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
Calculating Container Shipping Time,
TheODMgroup.com (link
/ cached
copy)
A Behind the Scenes Take on Lithium-Ion
Battery Prices, BloombergNEF.com (link
/ cached
copy)
Container Ship, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
How Much Do Cruise Ships Cost? And Why Are
They So Expensive? CheatSheet.ocm (link
/ cached
copy)
China Launches World’s First All-Electric
Cargo Ship, OilPrice.com 2017 (link
/ cached
copy)
Ammonia Powered Ships?
Today's carbon-intensive synthesis/separation
of nitrogen, hydrogen & ammonia:
Air Separation, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Hydrogen Production, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Technologies for Hydrogen Production,
National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Energy (link
/ cached
copy)
Hydrogen Production & Distribution,
International Energy Agency (IEA) 2014 (link
/ cached
copy)
The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs,
Barriers, and R&D Needs, U.S. National Academies
(2004) (link
/ cached
copy)
Steam Reforming, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Haber Process, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy
Tomorrow's "de-carbonized"
synthesis/separation of nitrogen, hydrogen & ammonia:
Electrolysis of Water, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Hydrogen from Renewable Power, International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA) 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
Options for Producing Low-Carbon Hydrogen at Scale, The
Royal Society 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
Ammonia: Zero-Carbon Fertiliser, Fuel and
Energy Store, The Royal Society 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
Electro-Synthesis of Ammonia from Nitrogen
at Ambient temperature and Pressure in Ionic Liquids, Zhou
et al., Energy & Environmental Science 10, pp. 2516-20
(2017) (paywalled
link)
Press Summary: Ammonia - A Renewable Fuel
Made from Sun, Air, and Water - Could Power the Globe
without Carbon, Science Magazine 2018 (link
/ cached
copy)
Energy-Efficient Ammonia Production from Air
and Water Using Electrocatalysts with Limited Faradaic
Efficiency, Hollevoet et al., ACS Energy Letters 5, pp.
1124-27 (2020) (link
/ cached
copy)
The many ways in which ammonia might power
ships:
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Wikipedia (link
/ cached
copy)
Technologies to use Carbon Free Ammonia in
Power Plant (including description of a prototype
Ammonia Solid Oxide Fuel Cell), Suda et al., IHI
Corporation, presented at the NH3 Energy Implementation
Conference, November 2018 (link
/
cached copy)
A Preliminary Study on an Alternative Ship
Propulsion System Fueled by Ammonia: Environmental and
Economic Assessments, Kim et al., J. Marine Science and
Engineering 8, p. 183 (2020), (link
/ cached
copy)
Safe and Effective Application of Ammonia as
a Marine Fuel, Niels de Vries, University of Delft:
Thesis (link
/ cached
copy) / Appendix (link
/ cached
copy)
Press summary: New Research Shows Benefits
of Ammonia as Marine Fuel, MaritimeExecutive.com 2019 (link
/ cached
copy)
Roadmap to Decarbonising European Shipping,
TransportEnvironment.org 2018 (link
/cached
copy)
Development of Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells,
Ammonia Energy Association (link
/ cached
copy)
Ammonia Energy Association (link
/
cached copy)
ShipFC: Major Project to
Convert Offshore Vessel to Run on Ammonia-Powered Fuel
Cell, VPOGlobal.com 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
News & trade press articles about
ammonia-powered ships:
Prototech Awarded Contract to Supply 2MW
Zero-Emission Ammonia Fuel Cell Module, Protech.no press
release, 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
Offshore Vessel to Run on Ammonia-Powered
Fuel Cell, MaritimeExecutive.com 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
Ammonia as a Green Shipping Fuel: The Viking
Energy Project, AzoCleanTech.com 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
Ammonia Flagged as Green Shipping Fuel of
the Future, Financial Times 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
Lloydʼs Register on How Ammonia can be the
Ideal Renewable Marine Fuel, ShipTechnology.com 2020 (link
/ cached
copy)
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