U.S. National Science Foundation
We Can Figure This Out.org
Resources: A Hydrogen Economy?
University of Virginia

  > WCFTO Home > Energy Home > Web Notes > Electrochemical > Supporting: Hydrogen Economy  
       
 
Corresponding Web Notes: Hydrogen Economy (pptx / pdf / key)

NOTE:
CITED U.S. GOVERNMENT SOURCES MAY NOW HAVE DISAPPEARED DUE TO THE FOLLOWING
(but my cached copies remain online)

"On December 1, 2025, the US Department of Energy changed the laboratory's name from "National Renewable Energy Laboratory" to "National Laboratory of the Rockies", stating that the new name "reflects laboratory’s expanding mission under the Trump Administration"

National Laboratory of the Rockies, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

"Disappearing Data: Trump Administration Removing Climate Information from Government Websites"

National Security Archive, George Washington University, February 2025 (link / cached copy)



Sources Cited in the Web Notes (in approximate citation order):

Industry Backed Organizations:

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Partnership (formerly California Fuel Cell Partnership) (link)

HFCP - Membership Webpage (link / cached copy)

The California Fuel Cell Revolution - A Vision for Advancing Economic, Social & Environmental Priorities (link / cached copy)

The Hydrogen Council (link)

Hydrogen Council - Membership Webpage (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Insights 2023 (link / cached copy)

Path to Hydrogen Competitiveness - A Cost Perspective, Hydrogen Council, 2020 (link / cached copy)

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (link)

FCHEA - Membership Webpage (link / cached copy)

Road Map to a U.S. Hydrogen Economy (link / cached copy)

The Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition (link)

Industry Stakeholders Announce Formation of Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition - 2021 (link / cached copy)

CHFC Media Kit (link / cached copy)

CHFC Letter to US Congressional Leadership - October 2021 (link / cached copy)

CHFC Position on Use of Energy Attributes | Renewable Energy Tax Credits - 2023 (link / cached copy)

Environmental & Scientific Organizations:

The Natural Resources Defense Council (link)

A Hydrogen Future - Economic and Environmental Assessment of Hydrogen Production Pathways, NRDC 2005 (link / cached copy)

The American Physical Society / American Institute of Physics (link)

The Hydrogen Economy, Physics Today 57 (12), pp. 39-44 (2004) (link / cached copy)

Renew Org Australia (link)

Hydrogen: Help or Hype? Renew.org.au 2019 (link / cached copy)

Sierra Club (link)

Hydrogen: Future of Clean Energy or a False Solution? (link / cached copy)

Business, Popular & Technical Press Articles:

Why Are We Still Talking About Hydrogen? - Forbes (6 Feb 2021) (link / cached copy)

Clean energy superstar or smokescreen for fossil fuel use? - Washington Post (17 March 2022) (link / cached copy)

Get tax right or clean hydrogen will be a bigger boondoggle than biofuels - Washington Post (27 April 2023) (link / cached copy)

Before We Invest Billions in This Clean Fuel, Let’s Make Sure It’s Actually Clean - New York Times (14 April 2023) (link / cached copy)

Green Hydrogen or Dirty Fuel? . . . Tax Credit Will Determine Industry’s Future - Forbes (17 April 2023) (link / cached copy)

Synthetic gasoline promises neutral emissions - but the math doesn't work - ARS Technica (5 May 2023) (link / cached copy)

E-fuels - How Big a Niche Can They Carve Out for Cars? (vs. battery & fuel cell electric vehicles) - The Guardian, 5 May 2023 (link / cached copy)

International Energy Organizations

International Energy Agency (IEA) (link):

The Future of Hydrogen (IEA 2019) (link / cached copy)

Global Hydrogen Review (IEA 2022) (link / cached copy)

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (link):

Hydrogen Overview (2022) (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen from Renewable Power (2018) (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Gas Generation and Utilization:

Hydrogen

Hydrogen - Britannica (link / cached copy)

Natural Hydrogen - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Natural Hydrogen: The New Frontier - Geoscientist.online (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Production - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Storage

Physical Hydrogen Storage, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy (link / cached copy)

Electrolysis

Electrolysis of Water - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Alkaline Water Electrolysis - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Other Forms of Hydrogen Gas Synthesis

Steam Reforming - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Coal Gasification - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Catalytic Reforming - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Oil Refinery - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Fuel Cells

Fuel Cell - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Fuel Cell Basics - AmericanHistory.si.edu (link / cached copy)

Alkaline Fuel Cell - Wikipedia Fuel Cell (link / cached copy)

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Comparison of Fuel Cell Efficiencies, Fuel Cell Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy, 2016 (link / cached copy)

Natural Gas Properties and Infrastructure:

Natural Gas Composition and Specifications, Penn State University (link / cached copy)

Natural Gas Pipelines, U.S. Energy Information Administration (link / cached copy)

What is the Pressure of Natural Gas in a Home? (or pipeline), HomeUpward.com (link / cached copy)

Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Networks: A Review of Key Issues, Melaina et al., U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab, 2013 (link / cached copy)

Methane Tracker, U.S. Energy Information Administration (link / cached copy)

The Planet-Warming Effects Behind Oil (and gas) Production in West Texas, WFAA 8 - ABC News, Odessa Texas (link to text version):

Batteries and Battery Electric Vehicles:

Comparison of Commercial Battery Types, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Commercial Battery Storage, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2022 (link / cached copy)

Battery Storage Technology Improvements & Cost Reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive, IRENA Workshop, 2017 (link / cached copy)

Cars: Battery Electrtic Most Efficient by Far, CleanTechnica, 2020 (link / cached copy)

E-fuels - How Big a Niche Can They Carve Out for Cars? (vs. battery & fuel cell electric vehicles) - The Guardian, 5 May 2023 (link / cached copy)

Carbon Capture and Sequestration:

Carbon Neutrality, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Overview of Greenhouse Gases, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (link / annotated copy)

2015-2016 Gas Leak from the Porter Ranch / Aliso Canyon Natural Gas Storage Facility:

As reported by TV station KCAL 9 - CBS LA (link):
California's Root Cause Analysis (link):

Carbon Capture and Utilization, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

About CCUS - Analysis, International Energy Agency, 2021 (link / cached copy)

Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage, International Energy Agency, 2022 (link / cached copy)

Scaling the CCUS Industry to Achieve Net-Zero Emissions, McKinsey & Company, 2022 (link / cached copy)

Decarbonization: Status, Challenges, and Policy Options for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage, U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2022 (link / cached copy)

Curing of Concrete by Carbon-Dioxide, TheConstructor.org (link / cached copy)

The Target:

CO2 Emissions in 2022, International Energy Agency (link / cached copy)

CO2 Emissions, Our World in Data (link / cached copy)

Energetic's of Hydrogen & Competing Energy Storage Media:

Heat of Combustion - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Energy Density - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Energy Density Extended Reference Table - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Natural Gas (including energies) - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (energies of different fuels) - Wikipedia (link / annotated copy)

Phase Diagram - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Supercritical Fluid - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Critical Temperatures and Pressures for some Common Substances - Engineering Toolbox (link / cached copy)

Vapor Pressures of some Common Gases, L.C. Nitsche, ChE 205, University of Illinois Chicago (link / annotated copy)

Ammonia - Vapour Pressure at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium - Engineering Toolbox (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen - Thermophysical Properties - Engineering Toolbox (link / cached copy)

Liquefied Natural gas - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Methane - Thermophysical Properties - Engineering Toolbox (link / cached copy)

Propane - Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature - Engineering Toolbox (link / cached copy)

Propane - Thermophysical Properties - Engineering Toolbox (link / cached copy)

My table comparing Energy Storage Media & Technologies:

Additional Sources Relevant to Hydrogen Applications:

Willis Carrier - Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

The Unexpected History of the Air Conditioner, Smithsonian Magazine, 2019 (link / cached copy)

Europe Leads the Charge to Replace Diesel Traction, International Rail Journal, 2019 (link / cached copy)

Study Finds Diesel Trains Can be Converted to Battery-Electric, Rail Industry Remains Skeptical, DieselNet.com, 2021 (link / cached copy)

Economic, Environmental and Grid-Resilience Benefits of Converting Diesel Trains to Battery-Electric, N.D. Popvich et al., Nature Energy 6, pp. 1017-25 (2021) (link / cached copy)

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships - Cost Effectiveness of Available Options, International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), 2011 (link / cached copy)

Major Project to Convert Offshore Vessel to Run on Ammonia-Powered Fuel Cell, ShipFC.eu, 2020 (link / cached copy)

Prototech Awarded Contract to Supply 2MW Zero-Emission Ammonia Fuel Cell Module, Protech.no, press release, 2020 (link / cached copy)

A Preliminary Study on an Alternative Ship Propulsion System Fueled by Ammonia: Environmental and Economic Assessments, Kim et al., J. Marine Science and Engineering 8, p. 183 (2020) (link / cached copy)

Boeing 777, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)



Other Sources Consulted in Web Note Preparation

Governmental & Academic:

Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells - A Vision of Our Future, European Commission, 2003 (link / cached copy)

The Hydrogen Economy - Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R & D Needs, U.S. National Academies, 2004 (link / cached copy)

Technologies for Hydrogen Production, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy NETL / DOE) (link / cached copy

Hydrogen Production & Distribution, Energy Technology Systems Analysis Program, International Energy Agency (IEA), 2014 (link / cached copy

Manufacturing Competitiveness Analysis for PEM and Alkaline Water Electrolysis Systems, Ruth et al., U.S., National Renewable Energy Lab, 2014 (link / cached copy

Cost Assessment of Hydrogen Production from PV and Electrolysis, Csiro Energy / Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), 2018 (link / cached copy)

Options for Producing Low Carbon Hydrogen at Scale, Royal Society, 2018 (link / cached copy

Hydrogen Production Energy Conversion Efficiencies: Current Technologies, Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center, Pacific Northwest National Lab (link / cached copy

Fallacies of a Hydrogen Economy: A Critical Analysis of Hydrogen Production and Utilization, Kreith and West, J. Energy Resources and Technology 126, pp. 249-257 (2004) (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Storage:

Hydrogen Storage, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen for Energy Storage Analysis Overview, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2010 (link / cached copy)

Energy Storage Analysis - Hydrogen & Fuel Cells, U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), 2019 (link / cached copy)

a) Small to Medium Scale Hydrogen Storage (as required for most applications):

Hydrogen Storage Materials for Mobile Applications, Schlapach & Zuttel, Nature 414, pp. 353-358 (2001) (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Energy Storage, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy (link / cached copy)

b) Large Scale Hydrogen Storage (as required for Grid load-leveling energy storage):

Hydrogen or Batteries for Grid Storage? A Net Energy Analysis, Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1938-1952 (2015) (link / cached copy)

Business / Economic Analyses:

Hydrogen-based Energy Conversion - More than Storage: System Flexibility, Kearney Energy Transition Institute, 2014:

Presentation (68 pages) - (link / cached copy)

Fact Book (279 pages) - (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Economy Outlook - Key Messages, Bloomberg, March 2020  (link / cached copy)

Can The World Really Afford A Hydrogen Economy, Forbes, October 2020 (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Economy: Hyped for Years the Most Abundant Element in the Universe is Finally Having its Moment, Fortune, November 2020 (link / cached copy)

Press Coverage:

Popular Press:

The Truth About Hydrogen Power, Popular Mechanics Crunches the Numbers, November 2006  (link / cached copy) - though now dated, this an exceptionally readable & comprehensive article

Hydrogen as Fuel? An Italian Pasta Factory Shows How It Could Work, New York Times, May 2020 (link / cached copy)

Don't Rush into a Hydrogen Economy until We Know All the Risks to Our Climate, TheConversation.com, August 2020 (link / cached copy)

California Is Trying to Jump-Start the Hydrogen Economy, New York Times, November 2020 (link / cached copy)

Technical Press:

Hydrogen - Still the Fuel of the Future, ChemistryWorld.com, 2018 (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen, Don't Give Up! PV-Magazine.com, 2018 (link / cached copy)

The Reality Behind Green Hydrogen’s Soaring Hype, GreenTechMedia.com, 2019 (link / cached copy

Latest “Hydrogen Economy” Round Is Hype, But There Is a Place For Hydrogen, CleanTechnica.com, 2020 (link / cached copy)

Where are we with the Hydrogen Economy? Engineering.com, 2020 (link / cached copy)

Energy Industry Press:

Realising the Hydrogen Economy, PowerTechnology.com, October 2019 (link / cached copy)

How Much Will Hydrogen-Based Power Cost? Power Magazine, 2020 (link / cached copy)