U.S. National Science Foundation
We Can Figure This Out.org
Resources: Cycles and Energy Storage
University of Virginia

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Corresponding Web Notes: Power Cycles and Energy Storage (pptx / pdf / key)


NOTE:
CITED U.S. GOVERNMENT SOURCES MAY NOW HAVE DISAPPEARED DUE TO THE FOLLOWING
(but my cached copies remain online)

"On December 1, 2025, the US Department of Energy changed the laboratory's name from "National Renewable Energy Laboratory" to "National Laboratory of the Rockies", stating that the new name "reflects laboratory’s expanding mission under the Trump Administration"

National Laboratory of the Rockies, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

"Disappearing Data: Trump Administration Removing Climate Information from Government Websites"

National Security Archive, George Washington University, February 2025 (link / cached copy)



Papers cited in web notes or used in their preparation:

Grid Energy Storage, U.S. Department of Energy, December 2013 (link / cached copy)

Analysis of Hydrogen and Competing Technologies for Utility-Scale Energy Storage, U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab (link / cached copy)

National Assessment of Energy Storage for Grid Balancing and Arbitrage, U.S. Department of Energy (link / cached copy)

Electricity Storage, SBC Energy Institute 2013 (link / cached copy)

Energy Storage Technology Review, Kyle Bradbury (link / cached copy)

Energy Storage Technologies for Electric Applications, Martin (link / cached copy)

Projections of Levelized Cost Benefit of Grid-Scale Energy Storage Options, Doty Energy 2010 (link / cached copy)

Pumped Storage Hydro:

Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage: Potential for Transformation from Single Dams, Strategic Energy Technologies Information System (SETIC), European Commission, 2012 (link / cached copy)

Quantifying the Operational Benefits of Conventional and Advanced Pumped Storage Hydro on Reliability and Efficiency, U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab, 2013 (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen Storage:

Analysis of Hydrogen and Competing Technologies for Utility-Scale Energy Storage, U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab (link / cached copy)

Hydrogen for Energy Storage Analysis Overview, U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab 2010 (link / cached copy)

Flywheel Storage:

Flywheel Energy Storage, Wikipedia (link / cached copy)

Beacon Power 20 MW Flywheel Frequency Regulation Plant, U.S. Department of Energy - 2013 (link / cached copy)

New Energy Storage Plant Could 'Revolutionise' Renewable Sector, The Guardian 2015 (link / cached copy)

High-tech Renewable Energy Storage 'Wheel' to be built in Offaly, RTE News 2015 (link / cached copy)

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES):

Revived Energy Storage Technology Offers Major Grid Benefits, Power Magazine 2008 (link / cached copy)

Compressed Air Energy Storage: Theory, Resources, And Applications For Wind Power, Succar & Williams, Princeton University 2008 (link / cached copy)

Design and Evaluation of an Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Storage System at the Michigan-Utah Mine, Beeman, University of Utah 2010 (link / cached copy)

Modeling of an Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES) Unit and an Optimal Model-based Operation Strategy for its Integration into Power Markets, Steta, ETH - Zurich 2010 (link / cached copy)

ADELE – Adiabatic Compressed-Air Energy Storage for Electricity Supply (link / cached copy)

Electricity Storage with Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage: Results of the BMWi-project ADELE-ING, Zunft et al., International ETG Congress 2017 (link)

Overview of Compressed Air Energy Storage and Technology Development, Wang et al., Energies 10, p. 991 (2017) (link / cached copy)

Super Capacitor Storage:

Fabrication of Large Area hexagonal Boron Nitride Thin Films for Bendable Capacitors, Wei, Nano Research 2013 (link)

Super Batteries:

Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid, Yang, Chemical Reviews 2011 (link)

Energy Storage Technologies for Electric Applications, Martin (link / cached copy)

Molten Salt Storage:

Advanced Thermal Storage System with Novel Molten Salt, U.S. National Renewable Energy Lab 2013 (link / cached copy)

Research Continues on Solar with Molten Salt Storage, Renewable Energy World, 2015 (link / cached copy)